PM Community News - November 2006



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Linda Vella named Chair of PMI Board of Directors


Linda Vella, PMP, has been elected Chair of the Board of Directors of the Project Management Institute (PMI®). She was elected Chair by the current board of directors, with her selection announced at PMI's annual business meeting on Monday, 23 October 2006 during PMI's 2006 Global Congress - North America, which is being held at the Washington State Convention Center in Seattle from 21-25 October.

Linda Vella, PMP, a resident of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, is a past president of the PMI Southern Ontario Chapter. She has been an active PMI member for over ten years. Linda holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Toronto. Linda was elected to the PMI Board of Directors in 2004, was chair of the board's Strategic Planning and Program Alignment Committee (SPPA) in 2005 and vice chair of the board in 2006.

Other board leadership positions were announced as follows:

The PMI Board of Directors consists of 15 PMI members in good standing, five each of whom is elected each year. The PMI Board is responsible for strategic planning and overall governance of PMI, including an annual evaluation of the performance of PMI's Chief Executive Officer. We at PMForum.org want to congratulate these PMI leaders and wish them success during the next year.

With nearly 220,000 members in over 150 countries, PMI is the world's largest and best-known project management professional society. PMI is engaged in advocacy for the PM profession, setting standards, conducting research and providing access to a wide variety of information and resources. PMI also promotes career and professional development and offers certification, networking and community involvement opportunities. PMI was founded in the USA in 1969, but is now a global organization with members, chapters and offices worldwide. For more information, visit www.pmi.org.


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Frank Saladis Named PMI Person of the Year


At its annual awards ceremony in Seattle on Saturday night, 21 October, the Project Management Institute (PMI®) announced that Frank Saladis has won the 2006 PMI Linn Stuckenbruck Person of the Year Award. Mr. Saladis received the award before a crowd of approximately 600 PMI leaders and guests at the Washington State Convention Center in Seattle, site of PMI's 2006 Global Congress - North America from 21-25 October.

Frank Saladis, PMP, is a project management (PM) leader, consultant and instructor based in New York City. He has long served PMI in many roles and is currently the President of the New York City Chapter. Frank initiated & led a global effort to establish International PM Day on 3 November 2005, which will be celebrated again on 2 November 2006.

President of Project Imaginers Inc., Frank Saladis has over 30 years experience in the telecoms and PM training environment. Frank is also a senior consultant and trainer for the International Institute For Learning Inc. He has held the position of National Project Manager for AT&T Solutions Information Technology Services and was a member of Cisco Systems Professional Services Project Management Advocacy organization. His responsibilities included the development of the Project Management Office (PMO) and the development if internal training programs in project management.

He is a Project Management Professional (PMP®) and has been a featured presenter at PMI's Annual Seminars/Symposiums, Seminars World, and Global Congresses. Frank is a Past-President of PMI's Assembly of Chapter Presidents, and is a member of the International Executive Guild and the NRCC Business Advisory Council. He holds a Masters Certificate in Commercial Project Management from the George Washington University. Frank has been a previous contributor to pmforum.org and PM World Today. We at PMForum.org want to congratulate Frank on his winning this prestigious PMI award.

With nearly 220,000 members in over 150 countries, PMI is the world's largest and best known project management professional society. PMI is engaged in advocacy for the PM profession, setting standards, conducting research and providing access to a wide variety of information and resources. PMI also promotes career and professional development and offers certification, networking and community involvement opportunities. PMI was founded in the USA in 1969, but is now a global organization with members, chapters and offices worldwide. For more information, visit www.pmi.org.


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Michel Thiry wins PMI Fellow Award


At its annual awards ceremony in Seattle on Saturday night, 21 October, the Project Management Institute (PMI®) announced that Michel Thiry has won PMI's highest individual award this year, the PMI Fellow Award. Mr. Thiry received the fellow award before a crowd of approximately 600 PMI leaders and members at the Washington State Convention Center in Seattle, site of PMI's 2006 Global Congress - North America from 21-25 October.

Michel Thiry, MSc, TVM, PMP, is founder and managing partner of Valense Ltd, an international consultancy and Education Network and PMI Registered Education Provider (REP). He has over 30 years of worldwide professional experience.

Michel holds a master's degree (MSc) in organisational behaviour from Birkbeck College, University of London, and is currently working toward a PhD with University College London (UCL). He has written and lectured widely on project management, program management and value management at the International level. More specifically, Michel authored the book Value Management Practice (PMI, 1997) and has since written numerous chapters in prominent books like the Gower Project Management Handbook, the Wiley Guide to Managing Projects and a book on project governance to be published by Routledge this year.

The Fellow Award is PMI's highest individual honor. Although up to five new Fellows can be named each year, this seldom occurs and Mr. Thiry was this year's only winner. Since its founding in 1969, only 49 persons have won this award, of which 11 have passed away. We at PMForum.org want to congratulate Michel on his winning this prestigious award. Michel has been a previous contributor to pmforum.org and PM World Today, and we are thrilled to be associated with another renounced PM leader.

With nearly 220,000 members in over 150 countries, PMI is the world's largest and best known project management professional society. PMI is engaged in advocacy for the PM profession, setting standards, conducting research and providing access to a wide variety of information and resources. PMI also promotes career and professional development and offers certification, networking and community involvement opportunities. PMI was founded in the USA in 1969, but is now a global organization with members, chapters and offices worldwide. For more information, visit www.pmi.org.


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Yamile Jackson Resigns from PMI Board of Directors


Ms. Yamile Jackson, PhD, has resigned from the board of directors of the Project Management Institute (PMI ®). Elected to the PMI board in 2004, Dr. Jackson was considered by many to be the major champion for project management (PM) in Latin America on the PMI board. A native of Colombia, Ms. Jackson is fluent in Spanish and made numerous trips to Latin America on behalf of PMI over the last two years.

Ms. Jackson stated that "unfortunately, the time pressures were too great and I need to spend more time at home with my young son and husband. I love PMI and want to continue contributing to the PM profession, but I was spending too much time away from my family and my 2 businesses."

According to another PMI board member, who wished to remain anonymous, "we were all somewhat surprised by Yamile's resignation. But we have already accepted her resignation and appointed someone else to complete her term on the board. That will be announced here in Seattle on Monday."

Yamile is the president of Ringstones Consulting International Inc., based in Houston, which she established in 1998 to offer project management consulting and training in the USA, Europe and Latin America. She is also president of Zakeez, Inc, an ergonomics company that develops products to aid newborns, especially those born prematurely. Ms. Jackson can be reached at: yamile@zakeez.com. A PMI member since 1998, she graduated with the inaugural class of the PMI Leadership Institute. At the time of her resignation, there was one year remaining in her term on the PMI board. We at PMForum.org want to wish Ms. Jackson success as she moves forward in other future project management related endeavors.

The PMI board consists of 15 directors who are elected by PMI members around the world to serve on the board for three years. Each year, elections are held for five of the board positions. The PMI board is responsible for setting long range strategies, oversight of the PMI CEO, and other governance activities. The PMI board meets at least four times each year and has been meeting for the last few days in Seattle, Washington, USA.

With nearly 220,000 members in over 150 countries, the Project Management Institute (PMI) is the world's largest and best known project management professional society. PMI is engaged in advocacy for the PM profession, setting standards, conducting research and providing access to a wide variety of information and resources. PMI also promotes career and professional development and offers certification, networking and community involvement opportunities. PMI was founded in the USA in 1969, but is now a global organization with members, chapters and offices worldwide. For more information, visit www.pmi.org.


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, "(in the early 1960s) pioneers led by an Air Force officer, Hans "Whitey" Driessnack, investigated the best management practices used by leading American companies. The Air Force captured the practices as criteria for effective management in the "Cost/Schedule Planning Control System (C/SPCS) specification. In 1966 the Office of the Secretary of Defense . adopted the Air Force specification and . in 1967 the Department of Defense (DoD) issued Instruction 7000.2, Performance Measurement for Selected Acquisitions, which mandated a uniform DoD procedure for compliance by industry with Cost/Schedule Control Systems Criteria (C/SCSC)."

  • According to Gary Humphreys, President of Humphreys & Associates, a former team leader during the DoD's early C/SCSC validation process, and a personal friend of the general, "I used to have lunch with him at Andrews AFB when he was a major and I was an Army LT. Larry Stone sent me to pick his brain and he was glad to do it. It was almost as if he knew we would carry on the good work that he had started. He was VERY patient with me and wanted to assure that I truly understood the spirit and intent of his vision. I took as much of his time as I could and he gave as much as he could considering time constraints. He has saved our industry billions of dollars with the disciplined approach he instilled in many of us. He will be missed by many!"
  • According to Quentin Fleming, well known EVM expert and author of some of the leading textbooks on the subject, "The General was one of the two or three early architects of modern EVM. I interviewed General Driessnack on July 3, 1993 on the origin of modern EVM and quoted him in our book on "Earned Value Project Management". At the time, he stated "The earned value concept came to us right off the factory floor, from the industrial engineers who were comparing their planned standards with the earned standards and actual costs. We simply applied this same concept to our one-time only, non-recurring developmental tasks."


    • Editors Note: In 1995, Quentin Fleming was honored when the Performance Management Association, which has since become the PMI College of Performance Management, awarded him their prestigious Lt. General Hans Driessnack Distinguished Service Award for his work in earned value management. He was the third person to receive the award and the first from private industry. Wayne Abba and Gary Humphreys have also won the Driessnack Distinguished Service Award, as has Larry Stone and several other professional leaders.

    LT. General Driessnack's military decorations and awards include the Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters, Meritorious Service Medal, Air Medal with oak leaf cluster, Air Force Commendation Medal with two oak leaf clusters, Presidential Unit Citation emblem, Air Force Outstanding Unit Award ribbon, Air Force Organizational Excellence Award ribbon and the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation emblem. He was promoted to lieutenant general August 22, 1978, with same date of rank.

    We at PMForum.org extend our sympathies and best wishes to General Driessnack's family, and his many friends around the world of project management.

     

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    Rebecca Winston Joins PMF Global Advisory Panel

    Rebecca Winston, JD, PMI Fellow, has agreed to become a global advisor for www.pforum.org. Former Chair of the board of the Project Management Institute (PMI®), Rebecca Winston is an experienced expert on the subject of project management (PM) in the fields of research & development (R&D), energy, environmental restoration and national security. She is well known throughout the United States and globally as a leader in the PM professional world.

    Rebecca Winston has over 25 years of experience in program and project management, primarily on programs funded by the US government. Ms. Winston is a graduate of the University of Nebraska's College of Law, Juris Doctorate (1980), in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. She has a Bachelor's of Science (BS) degree in Education from Nebraska Wesleyan University and a Master's Degree in Biology from Iowa State University in the USA. She is a licensed attorney in the states of Iowa and Nebraska, USA.

    Active in PMI since 1993, Rebecca Winston helped pioneer PMI's Specific Interest Groups (SIGs) in the nineties, including the Project Earth and Government SIGs, the latter of which she was a founding member. She was also founder and first co-chair of the Women in Project Management SIG, and initiated closer SIG involvement with the PMI Board of Directors. She was elected to the PMI board in 1998 where she served as director, Secretary Treasurer, Vice Chair (for two years), and Chair (2002). She was elected a PMI Fellow in 2005. She is also a member of the American Bar Association and the Association of Female Executives in the United States.

    Ms. Winston currently serves as a consultant to organizations such as the National Nuclear Security Administration (USA), U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security on topics ranging from Program and Project Management to project reviews, risk management and vulnerability assessments. As Director of Homeland Security Programs, Rebecca has managed interfaces between the US Department of Homeland Security and Argonne National Laboratory, with management oversight responsibility for all related programs and projects. As Business Relationship Manager for National Security at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL, now INL), she established and provided strategic and business planning related to the national security sector in the USA.

    Ms. Winston has previously managed Defense Programs at Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies, Inc., reporting to the Vice President and General Manager. During that period, she interfaced on a regular basis with the U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Congressional staff in Washington, U.S. DoD staff at the Pentagon, and laboratory and production sites throughout the United States. She has had oversight and technical management responsibilities for several projects in information software, networking, network security, independent validation and verification, and environmental technologies, including site installations.

    She has managed pollution prevention R&D projects, and designed an integrated product team (IPT) system for pollution prevention activity consolidation. She is the past Environmental and Industrial Ecology Liaison with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for the INEEL. Becky has also had oversight responsibilities for the development of software programs and industrial process simulations and modeling projects. She has led new business development efforts, and has significant experience interfacing with Congressional staff in Washington, DC, related to US Department of Defense (DoD) base realignment and closures, defense environmental restoration, and urban and industrial ecology.

    Rebecca Winston has served on numerous company-wide project teams and national teams for activities related to national defense and security, including oversight or direct preparation of technical documentation, reports, presentations, and demonstrations. She has established and maintained Program and Project Offices, and served on various Steering Committees, including the International Solvent Substitution Conference, Institute of Environmental Solutions, the State of California, USA.

    Rebecca Winston currently provides consulting services related to portfolio, program, and project management for various government agencies and industrial organizations in R&D, construction, environmental management, national security and other fields. She also provides strategic and business planning services for startups and small business. She is the author of various papers and presentations on project management, project communication, and project team building. Becky can be contacted at Rebecca.Winston@associates.dhs.gov.

    On September 5, 2006, PMForum.org announced the formation of a Global Advisory Panel to provide advice and feedback to the editorial team at www.pmforum.org and PM World Today. The PMF Global Advisory Panel consists of current and former leaders of project management professional societies and organizations around the world. Their experience and insight will help guide pmforum.org in matters associated with the world of professional project management. In particular, the group advises the managing editor on ways to serve the international PM community.

    Established in 1995 by the late David Curling, PMI Fellow and globally recognized professional leader based in Canada, www.pmforum.org is one of the most popular and widely known websites in the world of project management. Pmforum.org is one of the world's leading sources of project management news and information and the home of the monthly online PM World Todaye-Journal, where viewpoints, articles, case studies and papers by leading PM authorities and experts from around the world can be found. Free subscriptions are available at www.pmforum.org/subscribe.


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    The Third Wave Revisited - Pells Predicts Continued Global Growth
    for Professional Project Management

    Delivering the primary keynote speech on Friday afternoon, 6 October 2006, at the 6th International Project Management (PM) Seminar in Sao Paulo, Brazil, David Pells predicted continued growth in the demand for professional PM worldwide for at least the next 50 years. David's presentation was entitled "The Third Wave Revisited - How current trends in society are propelling the growth of modern project management."

    In his presentation, Mr. Pells referred the audience to the three waves of human development described in Alvin Toffler's 1980 classic book, The Third Wave. David suggested that many of the global trends that we have seen in the last ten years were predicted by Mr. Toffler nearly 25 years ago, and are completely consistent with other third wave predictions for technologies, industries, economies and society.

    Pells went on to suggest that many trends in the world of professional PM can, in fact, be directly correlated to some of those broader "third wave" trends. The following examples were highlighted in the speech:

    Based on these and other global trends that are increasing the number of projects in all industries worldwide, Mr. Pells predicts a continued growth in the demand for modern PM for the foreseeable future.

    David L. Pells is managing editor of www.pmforum.org and the monthly PM World Today e-Journal. He is also the president and CEO of iWorld Projects & Systems, Inc., a public business development company in the USA. He is a past director and a Fellow of the Project Management Institute (PMI®). More information about David Pells can be found at http://www.pmforum.org/pm forum team

    Click here to see a copy of his presentation "The Third Wave Revisited"

    The International Seminar on Project Management is an annual 3-day conference sponsored by the Sao Paulo chapter of the Project Management Institute (PMI-SP). The 2006 International PM Seminar, held in Sao Paulo, Brazil, was the 6th annual event sponsored by PMI-SP and the largest one to date with over 700 paid attendees and 20 corporate sponsors. PMI-SP is the largest PMI chapter in South America and one of the most active. For more information, visit http://www.pmisp.org.br



    Reported by Alcides Santopietro and David Pells in São Paulo, Brazil.


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    Offense or Defense? Professor Kloppenborg Enlightens
    PMI Conference in Brazil on Project Strategie

    Professor Timothy Kloppenborg delivered the first keynote speech on Friday, 6 October 2006 at the 6th International Project Management (PM) Seminar in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The conference was sponsored by the Sao Paulo chapter of the Project Management Institute (PMI), the world´s largest PM professional society.

    Professor Kloppenborg´s speech was entitled: "Offense and Defensive Strategies of Project Sponsors". His presentation to approximately 600 professionals and executives was the first keynote speech on day three of the international conference, the largest in Brazil this year.

    Professor Kloppenborg´s discussion of defensive strategies was especially interesting because this perspective is not normally considered and is not widely documented in PM literature. Closely related to project risk management, PM "defense" emphasizes more active mitigation actions for significant project risk factors. The importance of communications to stakeholders was also emphasized.

    Timothy Kloppenborg, Ph.D, PMP, is distinguished professor of management at Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. He is the author of four books, with a fifth in development, is one of the more active PM researchers, and has previously received research grants from PMI. A copy of his presentation can be viewed at http://www.pmforum.org/library/presentations/Kloppenborg-Offensive_Defensive_Strategies.ppt

    Professor Kloppenborg can be reached at mailto:kloppenborgt@xavier.edu.

    The International Seminar on Project Management is an annual 3-day conference sponsored by the Sao Paulo chapter of the Project Management Institute (PMI-SP). The 2006 International PM Seminar, held in Sao Paulo, Brazil, was the 6th annual event sponsored by PMI-SP and the largest one to date with over 700 paid attendees and 20 ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿli>PM Books
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